Isabella of Portugal (1503 - 1539), Habsburg Queen

Why Hunting Should Be For Providing Food And Resources As...

Oh Deer There are multiple and personal ways to look at hunting, such as a way to provide life or even a sport. There are also different tactics in hunting, such as high fence, low fence, endangered, poaching and etc. Ethically I believe the means of hunting should purposely be for providing food and resources as needed. More than 38 million Americans hunt and fish, as stated by nhfday.org. These statistics were in 2012 and records have concluded that the numbers have increased since then making hunting a higher demand. I believe as a hunter you should have a purpose for killing an animal. For example, many hunt for the meat, but you can utilize the rest of the animal for different resources, like bones or antlers being made into knives. Responsible hunters should be defined as respectful to natural resources because hunting provides a way of life and population control. Surveys are taken across the United States in various ways. In Texas we have multiple ways in how we calculate the white tailed deer population. Right now, our current ratio of doe’s to bucks is 10:1. We are overpopulated in both genders, but mainly in doe’s which is why were limited on how many bucks we are allowed to kill per season. For the hunting season of 2015-2016, you were allowed to kill 5 white tailed deer in total; only 3 are allowed to be bucks or antlerless while the remaining 2 are strictly antlerless deer. Texas harvests the largest amount of white tailed deer in the countryShow MoreRelated The Relationship Between Humans and the Environment Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pageshumans until they conquered it – and herein lies the core of the relationship. The earth affects humans, and humans affect it back, viewing characteristics and patterns as problems and challenges, and finding a solution. This is why it matters: we don’t know where we should go unless we know who and where we are. We don’t know either unless we know where we’ve been. We need to know where to go. The earth and its inhabitants make up a system, and a change to a part of it affects the rest. What weRead MoreA Brief Note On Endangered Species Research Paper1527 Words   |  7 Pagespopulations of animals evolved, thrived, declined, and became extinct. (Sexton) When animal or plant species die out, the food chain-ecosystem has to recuperate because when one species is taken out, its ruins the majority of the food chain depending on how high up that species was. The reason species become endangered is because of destruction done by humans. Humans are big on hunting, whether it’s killing an animal to use for their special features, for instance- an elephant s tusks or for money,Read MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson And Models Of Christianity1720 Words   |  7 Pagesefficiently they needed as many people as they could get. They valued every person in the group because, each man had a certain job in order to survive. This value for man and religion has been lost throughout the development of society due to technology, celebrities, and the increase in population. When early settlers first arrived to America there was no such thing as technology or machines that would be able to do jobs for the early settlers. They needed certain people to do the farming, hunting, gatheringRead MoreEssay on Prisoners Without Choice955 Words   |  4 Pagesare not visible to most spectators. This essay will explain how zoos are unjust and should not be supported. Animals should not be held captive due their negative behavioral changes, lack of natural habitat and the zoos failure to effectively preserve endangered species. Even though zoos try to imitate the natural habitat of each animal, the area for the zoo might not be able to support the animals needed environment. When visiting a zoo many people fail to notice that the animals have livingRead MoreEssay on It is Better to be a Vegetarian1113 Words   |  5 Pagesvitamin E, vitamin C, photochemical, and carotenes, which are not highly found in meats. Vegetarians also live about three to six years longer than meat eaters and they often feel refreshed and more energized than people who eat meat. Grains and plant foods provide individuals with tons of fiber whereas meat products offer close to none. The lack of fiber can cause back up within the bowel movement which leads to the cause in colon cancer. Eating too much meat can lead to excess protein in the human bodyRead MoreResponsible Stewardship Of Wild And Marine Life1508 Words   |  7 Pagescreated. Even so, stewardship should not be taken lightly. It is a privilege bestowed upon mankind tha t not only embellishes God’s plan to protect what he created but it also gives mankind a moral and ethical responsibility to ensure that our planet will continue to have sustainable resources for future generations to come. The word stewardship can be defined in many ways to suit many purposes, but for the purpose of preserving wildlife and other natural resources, the best definition comes fromRead MoreJamestown Colony Settlers1874 Words   |  8 Pagesin the crops grown. Other subjects of controversy were the roles of men and women, and religion. The English saw the Powhatan men as lazy as the only participated in activities seen to be only appropriate as leisure endeavors, such as fishing and hunting, while the women were left at home to do the â€Å"men’s work†. In relation to religion, the Powhatan people were more than willing to adopt a new god, however as they would not abandon their belief in their own gods. The English viewed than as heathensRead MoreHunting Essay3907 Words   |  16 PagesSport hunting is a violent form of recreation that has left countless animals maimed, and orphaned animals vulnerable to starvation, exposure, and predation. This activity disrupts natural animal population dynamics and has contributed to the extinction of animal species all over the world, including the Tasmanian tiger and the great auk.(1,2) Although less than 5 percent of the U.S. population hunts, hunting is permitted in many wildlife refuges, national forests, and state parks and on otherRead More Egyptian Flood in the Nile2264 Words   |  9 Pagessilt would be helpful for the crops.Overall the flood from the nile river was a savior to the Egyptian people because it helped populate the place. The river ran from south to north and so the people benefited by being able to crop and provide daily food to the environment. 2.What is the Rosetta Stone? Briefly describe how this object was key to translating Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone was found in 1799 during the French revolutionary war. The stone contains inscriptions on itRead MoreThe Falling Population of the Endangered Asiatic Lion Essay examples2966 Words   |  12 PagesIs enough being done in order to keep a steady trend of the once falling population of the endangered Asiatic Lion (Panthera Leo Persica) or should they be left to die as they are only a subspecies? The Asiatic Lion or sometimes referred to as the Indian Lion is a sub species of Lions derived from breeding between the lion in North Africa and South-West Asia, â€Å"which formerly stretched across the coastal forests of northern Africa and from northern Greece across south-west Asia to eastern India1†

Themes in Kate Chopins a Story of an Hour free essay sample

In a handful of the reader’s time, Chopin is able to bring out a countless amount of themes in her short story â€Å"The Story on an Hour†, that are not only controversial, but fairly ahead of her time. Chopin uses her story to represent a negative view of marriage by presenting the reader with a protagonist who is clearly burdened by emotional struggles when she becomes a wife. Devastated by the sudden news regarding M. Mallard, Louise excuses herself and immediately runs to her bedroom where we see a change in her attitude and her face off with issues such as identity, oppression, freedom, and independence. With the large variety of themes presented throughout the story, hope is difficult to identify. While Louise is up in her room, she is staring out her window, witnessing the leaving of winter and the bloom of spring; a sort of euphemism towards the hope of her blossoming into a new person after her husband’s death. We will write a custom essay sample on Themes in Kate Chopins a Story of an Hour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song which someone was singing reached her faintly, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves. † (Chopin 12) When M. Mallard is revealed at the ending of the story, the flame of hope that was so briefly ablaze in Louise’s heart is struck down, as well as her life. Whereas hope is one of the smaller founding themes in this story, oppression is more blatantly obvious. It is unquestionable that Chopin’s writing implies even a seemingly happy marriage, such as M. and Mrs. Mallard’s, in a patriarchal society oppression takes place unwittingly. While Mrs. Mallard readily admits she loves her husband throughout the story, her joy is soon evident when the news her husband’s death reached her ears. â€Å"There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. † (Chopin 13) Louise, as a woman who is not happy playing the role of subservient housewife, having the hope and prospect of freedom from oppression within hands reach, she felt, as the author describes, â€Å"a goddess of Victory. (Chopin 13) With the theme of oppression, comes that of freedom and independence. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, set in 1894, for women, independence was only a thought considered behind closed doors. When alone, Louise realizes she is now an independent woman and her grief slowly disappears and is eagerly replaced with joy and excitement, while she says under her breath: â€Å"free, free, free! † (Cho pin 12) Knowing the audacity of her thoughts, Louise attempts to hang on to her grief. However, once she accepts her feelings of joy, she feels possessed and overwhelmed by it and thinks to herself, â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. † (Chopin 13) In short, when her husband returns home, unscathed, he unknowingly crushes all semblance of the hope, freedom and independence Mrs. Mallard had felt so keenly. The joy of independence, forbidden in a society filled with unreasonable and impossible demands on women, is so quickly ripped away from her that the brief taste of it alone was enough to kill her. In her story of an hour, Chopin manages to show us a lifetime.

Essay on Personal Note On Family History Essay Example For Students

Essay on Personal Note On Family History Essay Initially, beginning this assignment I wasn t sure what to expect. My extended family and I are not very close. It was difficult for me to have to reach out to people to find out information for this assignment. When I first began to research my family history it was very difficult for me and brought up a lot of emotions, as I had recently just lost a grandparent on each side of my family. Unfortunately, both of those grandparents who passed had many of the answers I needed for this assignment. When gathering information I sought out family members from my mom s side and from my father s side of the family. Upon trying to gather information I quickly realized that communication is lacking on both sides of my family. I actually received some push back and concerns regarding why I was interested in â€Å"digging up people’s business†. Unfortunately, with the deaths that occurred a month prior to beginning to gather information for this assignment. I ve found that many family members that I spoke with reverted back to discussing the lives of my grandparents who had just recently passed. It was as if it was all they could speak about. It was difficult for everyone to gather their emotions and see the family as a whole unit. It appeared that they felt that both of these untimely deaths took over the spirit of the family. I also found it difficult for myself to want to discuss my family when everyone was still grieving. I realize that death is an issue that most families choose not to deal with. However, I believe that death needs to be dealt with to get past hurt, pain, as well as anger, to preserve the history of the family. I was not sure what the purpose of this assignment was until I began to find roadblocks in finding out informa. .if marriage is the right course for me. Although, initially I was not sure what I would gain from this assignment I believe that I gained a whole lot of needed information that will help me personally as well as have a better understanding of how my family operates. Although my mother and my father s families are different there are many of the same things that occurred cross generationally. Even when it comes to my own relationship with my own parents I have to keep in mind their familial experiences and understand how that impacts them as individuals and as parents. I realize that one day when I become a parent I will need to take into account these familial patterns and find ways to change them for the better. Gathering this information was a cumbersome experience but it was an eye-opening experience the taught me a lot about who I am solely based on my family.

Theories of Cognitive Development an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky Essay Example

Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky Essay Theories of Cognitive Development: An insight to the theories of Piaget, Information-processing and Vygotsky How do we learn? How do we grow? Over the years, psychologists have studied to great lengths the processes that humans go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood. Several theories have emerged over time with three prominent ones. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky produced two important and distinct theories. Another important theory, the information-processing theory, presents a completely different point of view. Each theory has is differences from the other and gives insight into the developing human mind. Jean Piaget believed that all children are curious and act as scientists in their never-ending quest to build understanding about the world around them. He theorized that children use schemes, which are constructs that children categorize events with. Examples of schemes would be â€Å"play things†, â€Å"things I eat† and â€Å"things I don’t like†. Piaget’s next term was assimilation, which is when children add things to one scheme or another, example, a child having peanut butter for the first time and placing it in â€Å"things I eat†. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accomodation is when a child modifies a scheme because they have assimilated something that requires the entire scheme to be slightly redefined i. e. when a child learns that certain objects needs to be grasped with two hands instead of only one. (Kail/Cavanaugh, 133) The focus of Piaget’s study was on the four main stages of development. He believed that an individual goes through four main changes/stages in their life at birth and ages two, seven, and eleven. The first stage is the Sensorimotor stage. From birth to approximately age two, children are highly aware of stimuli and begin to figure out how to recreate them and what each one means. Senses and motor reflexes begin development. Also, object permanence, the understanding that objects exist when they are not in sight, begins to develop in this stage. Until approximately month 8 children will see an object and react to it, but if it is covered, the child will think it has ceased to exist and find interest in something else. This is a prime example of the adage â€Å"Out of sight, out of mind. † From 8 months to about 12 months, if there object were to be covered, the child would then search for it, not understanding that it is simply under a cloth, thus making the game â€Å"Peek-a-boo† enjoyable for the child. Piaget states that it takes until about 18 months for object permanence to be established. Preoperational Thinking is the second of Piaget’s stages. This stage focuses mostly on egocentrism, which is a child difficulty to see situations for another point of view. Preoperational children simply do not comprehend that other people differ in their ideas, convictions, and emotions† (Kail/Cavanaugh, 135) During the Preoperational Stage, children may begin to project their feelings onto inanimate objects, which is referred to as animism. At approximately age 7, a child enters the Concrete Operational Stage. This stage marks the beginning of the recognition that people experie nce things in different ways, thus beginning to give the child a sense of individuality. Here, the child begins to use abstract thinking and making decisions rationally based on observed phenomena. The child is now able to understand 4 + 2 = 6 and 6 – 4 = 2, as they have the ability to reverse operational thought. â€Å"The limitation of the third stage of cognitive development is that operations are only carried out on concrete objects, and limited to two characteristics at the same time. † (Lin, 2002) The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory is the Formal Operational Period. This period lasts from around age eleven to the end of life. No longer a child, the adolescent is capable of complex abstract thought and logic. Concrete evidence is no longer necessary to base judgments and decisions. Complex algebraic manipulation is possible now, meaning the individual would understand a + b = c then a = c – b and a/b = c then ac = b. (Child Development Center 2008) The Information-processing Theory is based on the construct that the human mind contains Mental Hardware and Software. This mental hardware is the â€Å"wiring† of the brain. It is the structure and pathways built in that allow the brain to function. The software is in reference to â€Å"programs† that allow people to perform specific tasks. Supporters of this theory believe that children’s mental software continues to grow and develop thorough life, becoming more complex. Part of the Information Processing Theory is attention, which is a process that determines what sensory information receives extra cognitive processing. Over time, children learn to focus attention between orienting responses, which grab the attention, and tasks at hand. As development continues, attention span is developed and children become able to focus their attention on things for longer periods of time. Learning is another important part of the Information-processing. Learning occurs through the process classical conditioning, among others. In classical conditioning, one response is elicited be providing a stimulus that is produced by another stimulus. The ever-popular example would be Pavlov’s dog. In this experiment, dogs were trained to recognize that food, which caused salivation, would be given to them after a bell was rung. Eventually the dogs learned that the bell meant food was coming and began to salivate upon hearing the bell. â€Å"Young babies remember events for days or even weeks at a time. † (Kali/Cavanaugh, 149) Experiments by Rovee-Collier prove three things: 1. Babies remember past events, 2. These events are eventually forgotten, 3. Cues can remind the baby of the events. As the memory develops over the first two years, the memory center so the brain, hippocampus and amygdala, show growth and development. Autobiographical memory is also important. With parental encouragement and discussion of past events, children’s memory has shown to be richer and more vivid. Number skills are the last component to the information-processing theory. Infants are aware of ordinality, which is the fact that numbers differ in magnitude. By age three, children have mastered three principles. The first principle is the one-to-one principle. This principle refers to the idea that each number has an exact and unchanging quantity. The Stable-order principle is that numbers will always occur in the same order. The Cardinality Principle refers to the fact that when counting a quantity, the last number is the most important as it is the amount of whatever is being counted. Lev Vygotsky presented a fairly different approach to development. His theory, while not fully developed due to an early death, focuses on three main points of zone of proximal development, scaffolding, and private speech. Zone of proximal development is defined as the area between the level of performance a child can achieve when working independently and a higher level of performance that is possible when working under the guidance or direction of more skilled adults or peers. (Kali/Cavanaugh, 155) This is exemplified by the text’s example of children doing story problems. The children find themselves unable to complete the problem until directed by an adult who lays out the problem in steps for the child. Scaffolding is where teachers (of any manner) gauge how much assistance to offer based on how much help the student needs. Vygotsky states that only offering the correct amount of assistance and not â€Å"over-helping† promotes learning. Private speech, the final component of Vygotsky’s theory is speech by the child that is not intended for others. It is an undeveloped inner-monologue. Vygotsky called private speech a for of self-regulation. Inner Speech eventually develops and the child is able to self-regulate without verbal reminders from themselves. Each of these theories presents different yet valid points of view. Piaget presents a more â€Å"stepping-stone† point of view. Information-processing is more of an experiential learning track, whereas Vygotsky sees development as â€Å"as collaboration between expert and novice. † (Kali/Cavanaugh, 156) While none of these provide an exact and definitive answer into how he learn and grow, they give us an insight as to what is happening inside the human mind. Works Cited Kail, Robert V. , and John C. Cavanaugh. Human Development A Life-Span View. 4th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2006. Huitt, W. (2003). The information processing approach to cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved 15 May 2009 from http://chiron. valdosta. edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/infoproc. html Lin, S. (2002). Piagets developmental stages. In B. Hoffman (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Educational Technology. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from http://coe. sdsu. edu/eet/Articles/piaget/start. htm Myers, Robert. Stages of Intellectual Development In Children and Teenagers, Child Development Institute. 15 May 2009. http://www. childdevelopmentinfo. com/development/piaget. shtml Theories of Cognitive Development an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky Essay Example Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky Essay Theories of Cognitive Development: An insight to the theories of Piaget, Information-processing and Vygotsky How do we learn? How do we grow? Over the years, psychologists have studied to great lengths the processes that humans go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood. Several theories have emerged over time with three prominent ones. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky produced two important and distinct theories. Another important theory, the information-processing theory, presents a completely different point of view. Each theory has is differences from the other and gives insight into the developing human mind. Jean Piaget believed that all children are curious and act as scientists in their never-ending quest to build understanding about the world around them. He theorized that children use schemes, which are constructs that children categorize events with. Examples of schemes would be â€Å"play things†, â€Å"things I eat† and â€Å"things I don’t like†. Piaget’s next term was assimilation, which is when children add things to one scheme or another, example, a child having peanut butter for the first time and placing it in â€Å"things I eat†. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accomodation is when a child modifies a scheme because they have assimilated something that requires the entire scheme to be slightly redefined i. e. when a child learns that certain objects needs to be grasped with two hands instead of only one. (Kail/Cavanaugh, 133) The focus of Piaget’s study was on the four main stages of development. He believed that an individual goes through four main changes/stages in their life at birth and ages two, seven, and eleven. The first stage is the Sensorimotor stage. From birth to approximately age two, children are highly aware of stimuli and begin to figure out how to recreate them and what each one means. Senses and motor reflexes begin development. Also, object permanence, the understanding that objects exist when they are not in sight, begins to develop in this stage. Until approximately month 8 children will see an object and react to it, but if it is covered, the child will think it has ceased to exist and find interest in something else. This is a prime example of the adage â€Å"Out of sight, out of mind. † From 8 months to about 12 months, if there object were to be covered, the child would then search for it, not understanding that it is simply under a cloth, thus making the game â€Å"Peek-a-boo† enjoyable for the child. Piaget states that it takes until about 18 months for object permanence to be established. Preoperational Thinking is the second of Piaget’s stages. This stage focuses mostly on egocentrism, which is a child difficulty to see situations for another point of view. Preoperational children simply do not comprehend that other people differ in their ideas, convictions, and emotions† (Kail/Cavanaugh, 135) During the Preoperational Stage, children may begin to project their feelings onto inanimate objects, which is referred to as animism. At approximately age 7, a child enters the Concrete Operational Stage. This stage marks the beginning of the recognition that people experie nce things in different ways, thus beginning to give the child a sense of individuality. Here, the child begins to use abstract thinking and making decisions rationally based on observed phenomena. The child is now able to understand 4 + 2 = 6 and 6 – 4 = 2, as they have the ability to reverse operational thought. â€Å"The limitation of the third stage of cognitive development is that operations are only carried out on concrete objects, and limited to two characteristics at the same time. † (Lin, 2002) The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory is the Formal Operational Period. This period lasts from around age eleven to the end of life. No longer a child, the adolescent is capable of complex abstract thought and logic. Concrete evidence is no longer necessary to base judgments and decisions. Complex algebraic manipulation is possible now, meaning the individual would understand a + b = c then a = c – b and a/b = c then ac = b. (Child Development Center 2008) The Information-processing Theory is based on the construct that the human mind contains Mental Hardware and Software. This mental hardware is the â€Å"wiring† of the brain. It is the structure and pathways built in that allow the brain to function. The software is in reference to â€Å"programs† that allow people to perform specific tasks. Supporters of this theory believe that children’s mental software continues to grow and develop thorough life, becoming more complex. Part of the Information Processing Theory is attention, which is a process that determines what sensory information receives extra cognitive processing. Over time, children learn to focus attention between orienting responses, which grab the attention, and tasks at hand. As development continues, attention span is developed and children become able to focus their attention on things for longer periods of time. Learning is another important part of the Information-processing. Learning occurs through the process classical conditioning, among others. In classical conditioning, one response is elicited be providing a stimulus that is produced by another stimulus. The ever-popular example would be Pavlov’s dog. In this experiment, dogs were trained to recognize that food, which caused salivation, would be given to them after a bell was rung. Eventually the dogs learned that the bell meant food was coming and began to salivate upon hearing the bell. â€Å"Young babies remember events for days or even weeks at a time. † (Kali/Cavanaugh, 149) Experiments by Rovee-Collier prove three things: 1. Babies remember past events, 2. These events are eventually forgotten, 3. Cues can remind the baby of the events. As the memory develops over the first two years, the memory center so the brain, hippocampus and amygdala, show growth and development. Autobiographical memory is also important. With parental encouragement and discussion of past events, children’s memory has shown to be richer and more vivid. Number skills are the last component to the information-processing theory. Infants are aware of ordinality, which is the fact that numbers differ in magnitude. By age three, children have mastered three principles. The first principle is the one-to-one principle. This principle refers to the idea that each number has an exact and unchanging quantity. The Stable-order principle is that numbers will always occur in the same order. The Cardinality Principle refers to the fact that when counting a quantity, the last number is the most important as it is the amount of whatever is being counted. Lev Vygotsky presented a fairly different approach to development. His theory, while not fully developed due to an early death, focuses on three main points of zone of proximal development, scaffolding, and private speech. Zone of proximal development is defined as the area between the level of performance a child can achieve when working independently and a higher level of performance that is possible when working under the guidance or direction of more skilled adults or peers. (Kali/Cavanaugh, 155) This is exemplified by the text’s example of children doing story problems. The children find themselves unable to complete the problem until directed by an adult who lays out the problem in steps for the child. Scaffolding is where teachers (of any manner) gauge how much assistance to offer based on how much help the student needs. Vygotsky states that only offering the correct amount of assistance and not â€Å"over-helping† promotes learning. Private speech, the final component of Vygotsky’s theory is speech by the child that is not intended for others. It is an undeveloped inner-monologue. Vygotsky called private speech a for of self-regulation. Inner Speech eventually develops and the child is able to self-regulate without verbal reminders from themselves. Each of these theories presents different yet valid points of view. Piaget presents a more â€Å"stepping-stone† point of view. Information-processing is more of an experiential learning track, whereas Vygotsky sees development as â€Å"as collaboration between expert and novice. † (Kali/Cavanaugh, 156) While none of these provide an exact and definitive answer into how he learn and grow, they give us an insight as to what is happening inside the human mind. Works Cited Kail, Robert V. , and John C. Cavanaugh. Human Development A Life-Span View. 4th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2006. Huitt, W. (2003). The information processing approach to cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved 15 May 2009 from http://chiron. valdosta. edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/infoproc. html Lin, S. (2002). Piagets developmental stages. In B. Hoffman (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Educational Technology. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from http://coe. sdsu. edu/eet/Articles/piaget/start. htm Myers, Robert. Stages of Intellectual Development In Children and Teenagers, Child Development Institute. 15 May 2009. http://www. childdevelopmentinfo. com/development/piaget. shtml

What Is a Salutatorian High School’s Second-Highest Honor

What Is a Salutatorian High School’s Second-Highest Honor SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Academics and athletics have a lot in common: they require tons of practice, dedication, and diligence to succeed. Athletes often get trophies, medals, and letterman jackets to reward them for their accomplishments on the field and in the gym. But earning great grades can be just as tough as winning a state football tournament! That’s why many schools choose to honor their top two graduates by awarding them the titles of valedictorian and salutatorian. We’ve already covered what a valedictorian is in another post, so in this article, we’ll answer all of your questions about salutatorians, including: What is a salutatorian? Does being a salutatorian help you get into college? What is a salutatorian speech? How do you become a salutatorian? Are you ready to learn more about what it means to be the salutatorian of your graduating class? Then let’s get started! What Is a Salutatorian? The meaning of the term â€Å"salutatorian† dates back to 1841 and means â€Å"of the nature of a salutation.† More specifically, the term originally referred to â€Å"the welcoming address given at a college commencement,† which was delivered in Latin! Things have obviously changed a bit since then. (Thankfully!) First, salutatorians are now more commonly seen in high schools instead of colleges. But what is a salutatorian, exactly? The honor of salutatorian is given to the student who ranks second-highest in the school behind the valedictorian, who graduates at the very top of the class. Like valedictorians, salutatorians are most often awarded the honor based on their cumulative GPA. In general, the student with the highest cumulative GPA in a graduating class becomes the valedictorian. That means that the student with the second-highest cumulative GPA becomes the salutatorian! Second, the title of salutatorian recognizes student’s exemplary academic work, and as a result, they are asked to give a speech to open the graduation ceremony. While the salutatorian definitely gives a speech, it is not in Latin. (Now you can breathe a sigh of relief!) As the name implies, salutatorians deliver a â€Å"salutatory,† or welcoming, speech that welcomes everyone to the ceremony, recognizes important guests, and delivers a hopeful, welcoming message on behalf of their fellow classmates. Photo by Matthew T. Rader Does Being a Salutatorian Help You Get Into College? f you’re thinking about trying to become your school’s salutatorian, that means you’re already an academically competitive person that’s looking to get into a top university. We know it might be tempting to try to become the valedictorian or salutatorian of your class in order to help you get into the college of your dreams. Unfortunately, becoming salutatorian doesn’t really make a difference in terms of college admissions. Honestly, the reason is mostly a logistical one: the distinction of salutatorian is conferred toward the end of your senior year, long after you’ve already submitted your college applications! Additionally, even if you were awarded the title on time, it can be hard for universities to understand what the honor of salutatorian means in terms of your school. Because the title can be more- or less!- prestigious based on your high school graduating class size and the school’s unique salutatorian criteria (more on that later), it’s not a good benchmark for determining how you stack up to other applicants. Ultimately, your transcript and GPA- more so than your class rank- tell admissions counselors what they need to know. But that doesn’t mean there aren’t other ways becoming a salutatorian helps you in the college admissions process. First off, becoming your school’s salutatorian takes hard work. That means you’ve become self-motivated, learned how to study, been an excellent student, and embraced hard work. You’ve also figured out how to manage a busy schedule and still excel! These are all critical skills to excelling in college, too. You’ll be ready to hit the ground running from your first day, and you won’t struggle to adjust to college’s increased workload like your peers might. Secondly, salutatorians qualify for unique scholarship opportunities. Many scholarships still accept applications after you’ve already chosen your university. Graduating with top honors will help your application move to the top of the stack. Moreover, there are some scholarships that are only available to valedictorians and salutatorians! You can find a list of those unique scholarship opportunities here. Lastly, being salutatorian can help you as you look for jobs and internships. Remember, you’re going to college with a bigger goal in mind: getting a job! Internships can be just as competitive as college admissions, if not more so because the spots are much more limited. Companies often only take a handful of interns in every class even though they receive tens of thousands of applications. (Nike only accepts 40 interns a year!) So while being a salutatorian might not matter for admissions, it can have a huge impact on your opportunities long after high school. How Do You Become a Salutatorian? Like we mentioned earlier, in most cases the designation of salutatorian is determined by your cumulative GPA. To calculate your cumulative GPA, your numerical GPA in each class is added together, and the average is ranked against your fellow classmates. Additionally, schools often work from your weighted GPA. That means that AP and IB courses are assigned â€Å"extra points† to offset their difficulty (which is why many students who take college prep courses graduate with higher than a 4.0.) Traditionally, the two students with the highest weighted cumulative GPAs are awarded the distinctions of valedictorian and salutatorian (in that order). But keep in mind that each school handles salutatorian criteria differently! Some schools tackle the process like college admissions and look at a student’s GPA along with their extracurricular participation and community service hours. Other schools even allow students to cast votes for both valedictorian and salutatorian. Regardless of your school’s criteria, we think aiming for valedictorian or salutatorian is an excellent goal, so here are four tips for earning one of high school’s top academic honors. #1: Know the Criteria Since this differs from school to school, it’s super important that you know exactly how your school determines who becomes salutatorian. For example, Sheboygan Lutheran High School uses a combination of cumulative GPA, number of college prep courses, and ACT test scores to select a valedictorian and salutatorian. That’s much different than Edsel Ford High School, which only considers a student’s cumulative GPA and behavior record. #2: Take Weighted Classes AP and IB classes are important if you’re considering attending a competitive college, but they’re also critical to becoming salutatorian. Because you’re awarded â€Å"extra points† to your GPA, earning high marks in weighted classes gives you an edge over students who opt for a general curriculum. But be careful not to overextend yourself! It’s most important that you earn top marks in all of your classes, whether they’re college prep courses or not. #3: Ask for Help One of the big mistakes students make is that they don’t ask for help when they get confused. Since it’s important that you do well in all of your classes, make sure you’re talking to your teacher or tutor if there are concepts you don’t understand. An added bonus? This is a really important skill to have when you go to college! If you get comfortable asking for help now, it will make your college life that much easier. #4: Keep Your Eyes on the Prize It’s easy to let your competitive streak get out of hand when aiming for your school’s top honors. But the more time you spend worrying about other people’s grades, the less time you’re focusing on your own academic journey. So stay focused on working hard and doing your best, and let the rankings take care of themselves. Remember: even if you don’t become salutatorian, you’ll still have learned skills along the way that will make you more successful in college. Photo byBogomil Mihaylov What Is a Salutatorian Speech? So you’ve worked crazy hard and become your class’ salutatorian. Congratulations! Now it’s time for you to write a salutatorian speech. Salutatorian speeches are basically comprised of three different parts: welcoming people to the ceremony, acknowledging honored guests, and celebrating the accomplishments of your classmates. When you think about welcoming people to the ceremony, try to remember a time you felt welcome in a strange situation. What did people say to you? How did they make you feel important and like part of the group? Thinking about this might help you phrase your welcome so that the audience feels both acknowledged and included. Your second task in this section of your speech is to speak on behalf of your classmates. They don’t have a microphone and you do, so it’s important that you acknowledge the people who are attending the ceremony who’ve helped them on their journey. For example, people that fit in this category are family members, teachers, coaches, friends, and mentors! In this portion, you want to be both inclusive and brief. It might be a good idea to ask your classmates who they plan to bring with them to the ceremony. Their answers might surprise you, and they’ll help you make sure you include everyone in your opening remarks. You might also think about the people who are important to your classmates who couldn’t make it to the ceremony because of distance, illness, or death. Acknowledging them can be a lovely way of supporting your friends and classmates. The second part of your speech should acknowledge distinguished and honored guests. Make sure to talk with your principal or guidance counselor to get a list of these people. Most often, these are other participants in the ceremony, like the school’s superintendent or members of the school board. In most cases, if someone is sitting on stage, they’ll need to be welcomed individually. Talking to your school administrators about your speech is also important because you might have to follow a certain protocol. For example, your school might want you to read the person’s name and pause for a moment, which gives the person a chance to stand up and receive applause. Knowing this in advance will help you write a speech that stays within the ceremony’s time limits! The last part of your salutatorian speech gives you the chance to speak to your classmates and celebrate their achievements. This is a big day in everyone’s lives, and you get to be the person who makes them feel special. Congratulate them! Acknowledge their hard work and achievements, no matter how big or small. Additionally, might consider sharing a few lessons that you’ve learned in your own high school journey during this section. What will you take away from your years in school that will stick with you for the rest of your life? What do you hope your classmates take with them, too? But most importantly, have fun. Don’t be afraid to tell a story or share a joke that your classmates will love. Embrace the moment! This is your reward for four years of hard work, so make it count. Photo by Honey Yanibel Minaya Cruz Do All Schools Have Salutatorians? Becoming valedictorian or salutatorian has long been a way to reward academic achievement, but as society changes, so have the standards for awarding top marks. For instance, you might go to your guidance counselor’s office and be shocked to learn that your school doesn’t award the titles of valedictorian or salutatorian! More and more schools are doing away with ranked academic honors in order to help students focus on their education, not a ranking. According to Bob Farrace, the spokesman for the National Association of Secondary School Principals, administrators â€Å"worry about the college prospects of students separated by large differences in class rank despite small differences in their GPAs, and view rankings as obsolete in an era of high expectations for every student.† In other words, some educators believe that singling out the two top-performing students adversely affects the student body. But other schools have gone in the opposite direction and are now using the terms â€Å"valedictorian† and â€Å"salutatorian† to honor all high-achieving students. South Medford High School decided to name every student with a 4.0 GPA a class valedictorian. That means that there were 21 valedictorians in the Class of 2013! Other schools have followed suit in an effort to create a sense of camaraderie and collaboration around high school academics. But regardless of whether your school has salutatorians or not, one thing remains true: working hard in school will help you achieve your goals in college, in your career, and beyond. What's Next? If your high school does assign class rankings, learn about how that can affect your college application process. If you have your heart set on being valedictorian or salutatorian, check out this guide that gives you tips and strategies for raising your high school GPA. Of course, your GPA and graduation rank are just part of the picture: your test scores matter, too. Here’s a peek into what makes for a good (and a bad!) SAT score. (Don’t worry...we have an ACT score guide, too!) Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

A recent crisis in tourism in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A recent crisis in tourism in Thailand - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is Thailand as the second –largest player in the tourism sector in the region and one of the top 30 destinations in the globe both in indirect and direct contributor to GDP and in absolute terms. In 2010, 15.8m foreign tourists visited Thailand. However, the arrival of the foreign tourist sharply declined by 12.9% in May 2010 as contrasted the corresponding period in 2009. In the last two decades, Thailand had witnessed one after another worst crisis. The decline in numbers in 2010 was due to long-run street protests in Bangkok that dispirited the foreign tourists. In the fag end of the year 2011, Thailand met with another crisis – unprecedented flood, which devastated its economy and tourism sector. Thailand has been regarded as one of the South-East Asia’s largest economies and has been reckoned as one of the regions’ preferred destination for investments. In the background of global economic downturn and political turb ulence it witnessed in 2010, the country is slowly recovering on strong phases. While the tourism industry prolongs to contribute a major part of its export revenues and is set for further growth in 2012 as well and there has been a visible increase in its export revenues but in the fag end of the year 2011, Thailand met with another crisis – unprecedented flood, which devastated its economy and tourism sector. Tourism has been regarded as one of the largest sectors of the Thailand’s economy and a major foreign-currency earner.... (Oxford Publishing Group, 2009, p.131). This research essay will analyse the various crises witnessed by the Thai’s tourism industry and recent havoc flood in 2011 and how it has impacted the tourist industry of Thailand and suggest means to devise suitable strategies to mitigate the future crises from impacting the Thailand’s tourists industry. Analysis In 2010, 15.8m foreign tourists visited Thailand. However, the arrival of the foreign tourist sharply declined by 12.9% in May 2010 as contrasted the corresponding period in 2009. The decline in numbers in 2010 was due to long-run street protests in Bangkok that dispirited the foreign tourists. As WTTC report 2011, tourism industry directly contributed BT 617.7bn or 5.8% of its economy. (Oxford Publishing Group, 2011). If one look at the above graph, Thailand’s economy had performed since Q4/2008 moderately when compared neighbouring nations like Hong Kong and Singapore but its performance was poor as compared to Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. (Jitsuchon & Patanarangsun, 2009, p.2). The number of foreign tourist visited Thailand was at its peak in January 2008 but dipped to very low level in 2009. Despite the fact that the Thailand’s very positive future outlook for long-run growth , both 2008 , 2009 and 2011 were the toughest years for the Thai’s tourism industry due to political turmoil that occurred both in Pattaya and in Bangkok in April 2009 and devastating floods in 2011. (Jitsuchon & Patanarangsun, 2009, p.6). WTTCs benchmark estimations of Thailand’s tourism effect on its economy which has taken account of the wider input of tourism both indirect and direct across all sections. Hence, it is estimated that the tourist industry’s net contribution to Thailand’s

Why do we need electoral college Do We need Electoral College today Essay

Why do we need electoral college Do We need Electoral College today Analyze the history and benefits of Electoral College. If we don't need it why we don't need it - Essay Example Each state is supposed to have two Senators but however, the number of Congress representatives is proportional to the number of people from that state. For instance, the state of Nebraska has 3 members of the Congress relative to its small population so the total number of electors in the state of Nebraska is five, compared to that of New York State which has a large population with 31 members of Congress and thus, the total number of electors is 33 since each state has 2 Senators regardless of the size (Will & Ross 12-32). The Electoral College was basically formed due to two fundamental reasons. First, it was intended to act as a buffer between the presidential selection process and the population and secondly, it was meant to balance the power between smaller and larger states. The founders of this commission were afraid of the possibility of tyrants controlling the opinions of the public and illegitimately rise to power and thus it was felt that only through electors was there a guarantee that only candidates with the best presidential qualifications were chosen. It was felt that with the Electoral College in place, no one would be capable of influencing the decisions of the citizens (Will & Ross 38-62). The Electoral College ensures that the electorate is fair and not duped. The founders were not sure whether the population could make the right choice without external influence and thus the Electoral College had the advantage of being the group that would only meet once and thus could not be influenced and manipulated by foreign governments. Under the convention, the Electoral College was also meant to create a satisfactory environment for the smaller states. For instance, the total number of votes gathered from the state of Wyoming during the previous election was 210, 000 votes where there were 3 electors and as such, each

The Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Diverse Nature of Psychology - Term Paper Example Social psychology tries to understand people as social animals in social environments and contexts. As the below diagram by McAndrew (2011) indicates, social psychology is a combination of cognitive psychology, sociolinguistics, social anthropology and individual psychology. What is the difference between microsociology and social psychology? Thoits (1995) argues, â€Å"[S]ociologists generally devote their efforts to identifying which social phenomena have effects on individuals while psychologists generally specialize in identifying the mechanisms or processes through which social phenomena have their effects on individuals†. The distinction is between dyadic and monadic analysis. Social psychology tries to analyze people as they are effected by social factors. They look at people qua people and see the social factors as the next level of analysis. But microsociology looks at people as units in a dyadic relationship: They form dyads but the analysis is of the dyads. Social p sychology looks at Katrina, Bob and Joe individually; microsociology looks at Katrina-Bob, Bob-Joe and Katrina-Joe. Social psychology is immensely applicable to my sociological focus. To understand the dyads, it's important to understand the monads.

Coffee Plantations in Wayanad

Coffee Plantations in Wayanad The coffee production in Kerala accounts to about 28 % of the overall coffee production in South India which includes the three states Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The coffee production is mainly suited to grow in the hilly tracts of these states with Karnataka accounting to the majority of coffee production a whopping 53% of a total production of 8200 tonnes (Year 2010 figures). The coffee production in Kerala is around 23 % of the countrys total coffee output which makes it the second largest coffee-producing state in India. Wayanad, a popular district in Kerala produces almost around 90 % of the states coffee produce which literally concludes that the coffee economy of Kerala is highly correlated with the coffee economy existing in Wayanad. Our study plans to analyze and evaluate the agricultural farming practices adopted by the farmers in Wayanad, a district situated in the north-east of Kerala, and very popular for the coffee plantations and tea estates growing in this region. In this section, we will however be concentrating with the existing farming methods and the scope of natural farming in the area of coffee plantations. We will first discuss about the topography of Wayanad and how it suits to the growth of coffee on an extensive scale, followed by the existing farming practices of coffee and the contribution of NGOs , co-operative societies and self help groups in educating the farmers about the modern eco-friendly methods of farming. Finally, we will analyze and evaluate the scope of natural farming in the area of growth of coffee plantations in Wayanad and how it will improve the value chain from the farmers perspective. About Wayanad Topography Wayanad, the 12th district formed in Kerala, which is also called The Land of Paddy Fields is located in between the boundaries of the Kozhikode and Kannur districts. The region is located on the top of the majestic Western Ghats and its altitude range from approximately 700 meters to as high as 2100 meters. A large part of the regions population comprises of the indigenous tribal communities. The region is full with densely populated high-standing hilly terrains, mountains (Chembra Peak), lakes (the beautiful Pookot Lake), waterfalls and dams (Banasura Sagar Dam) as an attractive location for tourists. Climate Wayanad being distant from the mean sea level and densely covered by forests provide a very pleasant climate. Typically the temperature variations are reported to be in the range of 18 to 28 degree centigrade. The average rainfall received in the region is around 2500 millimeters per year. As a result of a high extent of presence of both sunlight and rainfall, the agricultural land in this region is very fertile. Wayanad due to its extensive scope of agricultural farming has been reported to be holding a position amongst the 18 real agribiodiversity hotspots situated in the globe. Rivers Most of the Wayanad district is situated close to the river Kabini (an important tributary of the river Kaveri) along with its three tributaries namely, Panaraman, Kalindy and Mananthavady rivers. Dams such as the BanasuraSagar Dam and aqueducts have also been built in the region with the sole purpose of supplying water to the drought stricken regions in the district. Economy Speaking about the economy of Wayanad, majority of the regions economy is based on agriculture as can be implied by the meager figure of 3.79 % of the districts population being urbanized. The main cash crops growing in the region are coffee, tea, plantain, pepper, vanilla and cocoa. Apart from these crops, another important and essential cash crop growing in the Wayanad region is rice. Although there has been an agrarian crisis due to the increase in lower prices of the locally-grown cash crops such as coffee, ginger, pepper, etc. , yet it has been noted that there is an increasing trend in the price of agricultural land in Wayanad. The geographical description of the territory covers a vast portion with agricultural land, roughly 54 % of the districts area. Around 37% of the territory is covered up with densely populated forests. One of the main cash crops growing in the region apart from tea is coffee which has two main varieties of coffee plantations. Coffee Arabica, the premier coffee and Coffee Robusta, the low-quality coffee which well suits the environmental conditions originating in Wayanad are the two main varieties of coffee growing in this district. However, majority of the coffee growing in this region is of the robusta variety which accounts to approximately 95 % of the total coffee production in Wayanad. The capacity of land occupied by coffee plantations in terms of agricultural land area amounts to around 58 %, numerically around 110,000 hectares. It has been reported that around 80 % of the total coffee produced in Kerala comes from Wayanad. Population The population extent in Wayanad counts to roughly around 800,000 people with more than 80 % of the population being majorly dependent on agriculture. The majority of the coffee growers in Wayanad are small and marginal farmers which account to more than 90 % with more than 60 % of the land holders occupying less than one hectare of land. The average landholding size of a farmer in the district has been found to be approximately 0.68 hectares. As already discussed earlier, a large chunk of the Wayanad population consists of tribal communities with almost 17 % of the states tribes residing in Kerala. The tribal communities also have a significant role to play in agriculture. Infrastructure Wayanad passes through the Calicut, Mysore and Bangalore connectivity via road. The closest railway station and airport is situated in Calicut which is around 100 kms from Wayanad. With the advancement of technology and infrastructure services, the district has good network coverage and internet connectivity apart from a robust post office network and availability of courier services. Moreover, no power scarcity problems have been reported in the region. Farming Methods of Coffee In order to understand the farming methods of coffee adopted in different regions of Wayanad, we have conducted a personal interview with senior members of existing non-profit organizations (NGOs) operating in that district. We have also performed a thorough literature research on the farming methods of coffee, the constraints faced by the farmers if any and the scope of natural farming given the existing constraints such as high cost of production, scarcity of skilled and unskilled labour, etc. The specific objectives we have tried to cover in this section include the following:- Analysis of the coffee production costs and the revenue structure Identifying the most significant determinants which impact coffee yield Analyzing the relationship between farm-size holdings and the farms coffee output efficiency Performing a comparative analysis of the evaluation of the labor-absorption capacity on coffee produce as compared to other cash crops (tea, rice) produce Dependency of farming methods on the extent of fluctuation in coffee prices Impact of climatic conditions on yield of coffee and scope of pests and coffee-related diseases and their impact on coffee productivity Understand, analyze and evaluate the participation of regional institutional agencies such as the Regional Research Coffee station in Wayanad ( popularly known as the Coffee Board) and Krishibhavan on methods of coffee cultivation Our study of coffee cultivation methods mainly spans around farmers originating from three different regions across Wayanad namely Sulthan Bathery, Nenmeni and Noolpuzha. Our reason for choice of these three gram panchayats is due to the majority of the farmers originating from these regions having coffee cultivation as their predominant cash crop and hence source of cultivation. Most of the coffee cultivation takes place in Noolpuzha among the three gram panchayats with 2900 hectares of land available for coffee plantations while around 1500 and 1200 hectares of land is available in Sulthan Bathery and Nenmeni respectively. As per the definition of a farmer by the Coffee Board in Wayanad, small and marginal farmers typically have a farm land of less than 5 acres i.e. two hectares whereas large farmers are holding huge coffee estates of land size more than 10 acres. The current division of farmers in Wayanad based on this classification suggests that roughly 90 % of farmers fall in t he category of small and marginal farmers. The general method of harvesting coffee includes the following three steps in a sequential manner:- Plucking the coffee seeds from the coffee gardens by using charged labour where natural farming techniques are more desirable. Use of pesticides and fertilizers is minimal. Drying these seeds in the drying gardens for atleast 1 to 1.5 weeks where the coffee seeds are kept for drying under the sun. Finally bagging of raw coffee is done after drying where the general standards practiced in Wayanad define one bag of coffee to contain around 54 kgs of coffee. Including the weight of the bag typically to be one kg, each bag of coffee weights around 55 kgs and this harvested coffee is then sold off to local traders at prices which are commensurate with the local coffee market existing in Wayanad. Types of Coffee There are mainly two varieties of coffee i.e. Coffee Arabica and Coffee Robusta. During the mid nineteenth century (1825-1869), the mainly cultivated coffee variety was Arabica as it had more beverage value and hence fetched higher coffee prices in the domestic as well as international markets. However, this variety of coffee was more vulnerable to pests and diseases and eventually the large coffee estates producing this variety were left abandoned as the crops perished due to the threats prevailing from major pests existing in that period such as white stem borer, leaf rust and green bug. During the later half of the nineteenth century, the Robusta variety of coffee became more popular in Wayanad. One of the major reasons for shifting to this variety was that Robusta can withstand against threats arising from existing as well as new coffee-related pests and diseases. Currently, Robusta coffee produce is more than 95 % of the total coffee cultivation done in Wayanad. As an approach t owards natural farming, the farmers generally grow coffee plantations under the shade of spice plantations mainly pepper so that the cash crop can be protected against pests and other diseases generated in the soil. However Arabica coffee which accounts for less than 3% of the total coffee produce in Kerala is also grown in hilly terrains mainly confined to the high altitude regions comprising the districts such as Kozhikode, Palakkad, Idukki and Kannur. Cropping Pattern The small and marginal farmers generally follow a mixed cropping pattern wherein coffee is produced along with other cash crops such as pepper, arecanut and banana. Some of the reasons for these farmers going for a mixed cropping pattern instead of mono cropping are:- Livelihood: Agricultural income being the only source of income for this section of farmers, land is the most precious asset they possess. However in recent years, it has been reported that due to a very high fluctuation of coffee prices in the markets, farmers have suffered from high financial losses by being solely dependent on only one cash crop i.e. coffee. Hence the farmers have decided to utilize their vacant land on other high priced cash crops such as pepper which would act as an alternative source of income for them. Moreover crops such as pepper and banana would provide shade to coffee plantations and act as a mode of natural farming methodologies adopted to protect against arising threats from existing as well as new pests and coffee related diseases. As per the sources we interviewed, the fluctuations in coffee price last year i.e. in 2010 were controllable though, which was within the range Rs. 1900 to Rs. 2500 per kg of coffee. The harvesting period of coffee which generally starts in the month of December and is set to close in February is almost over and as per our sources; the average price of coffee in Wayanad is trading at Rs. 3000 per kg. Farm size:- The farm size and land holdings being relatively smaller for marginal farmers as compared to large estate farmers makes it advantageous for them to adopt a mixed cropping fashion. This is because they dont follow any systematic method of planting saplings in arrays which ensures that there is still enough scope of planting maximum plants per area due to the inadequate stocking method followed. However, the conversion process is very difficult for large estate farmers because the area of land under mono-cropping is huge. Labour availability:- The labour availability for small farmers is majorly in the form of domestic labour i.e. labour resources are the members of the family and mainly the cash crop cultivator who is the owner of the land. However, in case of large farm estates, the labour resources are typically the paid labours who are generally also the members of organized trade unions operating in Wayanad. Several cases have been reported of undying resistance from such trade union members against mixed cropping in large farm estates due to the fear of losing employment. As per one of the sources who is a member of the M.S. Swaminathan NGO operating in Wayanad, the labour charge for plucking coffee from coffee gardens is priced via two different pricing mechanisms. Hourly basis charge wherein a labour typically charges around Rs. 150 200 per hour. Plucking capacity basis wherein labour required for plucking per kg. of coffee is charged roughly Rs. 1.50 2.50. However, labour charges vary from place to place in different regions of Wayanad. The table represented below shows the recent numbers in variation of mixed crop cultivation implemented in Wayanad. The results from the table clearly indicate that marginal farmers had been more enthusiastic to shift their cropping pattern from coffee to pepper. The major cash crops which replaced coffee are pepper, tea and arecanut as shown by the table mentioned below. Cost of Coffee Production Coffee production being highly labour-intensive encounters a very high cost of production which has become one of the primary reasons for small and marginal farmers to shift from coffee to alternative higher revenue generating cash crops such as tea, pepper and arecanut. The usage of manual labour in the process of coffee cultivation can be attributed to the following sequentially adopted sub-processes mentioned below:- Activity of controlling weed which is usually done thrice a year. The women labourers in Wayanad are typically engaged with the control of this agricultural activity wherein they cut and remove the weeds manually using sickles Activity of upturning the soil with manual labour using a spade is usually done twice a year Activity of applying manures such as cow dung and fertilizers is done twice a year Activity of pruning where the undesired parts of the coffee saplings are ripped off is typically done twice a year Activity of final coffee bean collection at the time of harvest during the month of December to February is done by hand-picking which is usually carried out once a year Activity of applying pesticides and insecticides to protect against germs is also done once a year. This activity increases the cost of labour by a huge extent given the embedded cost of pesticides which is also charged along with the cost of applying it with the soil. The costs related to all these activities can be termed as the current expenses which are currently found to be in the range of Rs. 35,000 40,000 per hectare. Moreover, large estate farmers who install sprinkler irrigation systems or drip systems incur a much higher cost due to the large investments involved with these systems. The initial cost associated with raising a new coffee farm altogether would include the current expenses of the initial four years from the start of preparing the farm. This is because from the generally seen trend, it has been found that coffee plants usually start producing sufficient yield from the fourth year of planting. Constraints faced by farmers There are many constraints faced by the coffee-producing farmers in Wayanad which makes it more difficult for them to adopt coffee-farming as the one and only mode of family income. Some of them are:- Scarcity of labour is a major concern and given the intensity of labour required for adopting more of natural farming methods in coffee cultivation all throughout the year, this problem should be resolved by providing better opportunities to both labourers (who need to be paid reasonable income for their employment in coffee gardens) and farmers (who need to generate a decent income to pay off the labourers well). The scarcity of labour has thus resulted in a very high cost of labour charged which along with the huge coffee price fluctuations makes it all the more worrying for the coffee-cultivating farmers. The farmers do not possess any market knowledge about what the coffee prices are in the domestic and international markets. Their only network within the coffee chain is with the local traders or middlemen whom they sell the coffee produce in bags typically containing roughly 54 kgs of coffee. The M.S. Swaminathan NGO operating in Kalpetta, Wayanad currently only provides training and demonstration on ways of efficient coffee cultivation. Their primary function is to teach the farmers the various methods of coffee-capacity building. They also provide the farmers the opportunity to take certifications regarding coffee cultivation practices but given the limited source of income from coffee cultivation, most of the farmers except the large farmers do not avail this opportunity of taking farm-related certifications. However, they dont provide any financial help to the farmers. The funding support provided by the farmers is majorly provided by nationalized banks such as State Bank of Travancore and other district co-operative banks which provide loans at lower interest rates compared to the market rates. However, there are a lot of hidden cost charges in the loan which makes a loan very expensive during the time of settlement. So, the small and marginal groups of farmers have very little scope of negotiating their selling prices with the local traders as their urgent requirement for liquid cash to pay off their loan installments makes them more anxious. Adding to that, these group of farmers do not have any warehouses of their own to keep the harvest and sell them off when the local market offers higher coffee prices. The cost of carrying inventory in warehouses possesses an impounding effect along with the existing interest charges taken due to loans availed earlier. However, large estate farmers having the advantage of possessing economies of scale for co ffee cultivation in Wayanad, some of them do have their own warehouses and hence are able to make higher revenues than that of small and marginal farmers. Moreover, the farmers having lack of co-operation amongst themselves have not been involved in collaborative decision-making to form co-operatives for a better cause. Microfinance institutions are also not working in Wayanad, which makes the availability of funds more costly. The farmers are not in any way directly connected to the wholesalers or retailers of the coffee market. This makes the middlemen to pocket much of profit which could have otherwise been a part of the farmers profit. The NGOs also dont provide any help and assistance to increase the networking potential of farmers connecting them directly to the end-sellers in the market, thereby cutting out the need of middleman in the coffee chain. The main reason could be the strong lobbying from the local traders which makes their participation in the coffee chain inevitable. Lack of adoption of natural and eco-friendly methods such as rain water harvesting due to the excess costs incurred in implementing it. Although there have been certain government schemes to promote rain water harvesting in Kerala which are rare, the farmers being unaware of such schemes actually have not been able to avail them. Moreover lack of co-operation among the farming community creates hindrances in active engagement of such environmental friendly schemes. Conclusion After conducting a thorough research analysis of the coffee cultivation methods in Wayanad, we have tried to identify the major problems encountered by the farmers in adopting natural farming methods at the grassroot level. Although most of the sub-agricultural activities related to the coffee cultivation are done through natural farming instead of organic farming, still the farming method is not entirely natural. This is because of the following reasons listed below:- Organic farming although increases the cost of coffee cultivation by a certain extent, is a proper mechanism to fight against pests and insurmountable diseases. It also brings along with the flavor highly regarded in the coffee market. Coffee cultivation being a major source of income, farmers gives strong emphasis to the farming technology used so that they can maximize their income as much as possible. Simple natural farming technology needs much more labour than that for organic farming which makes it all the more costly given the high costs of labour in Wayanad. However, with proper guidance from NGOs about the modern methods of natural farming which are highly efficient and the availability of cheap labour, the farmers can incorporate natural farming in the long run which would be a beneficial cause from all angles. Interviewees The following people who have been interviewed have provided extensive support in revealing necessary information for completion of our social development project. They are:- Name:- N. Gopalakrishnan, Farm Manager of M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (NGO) Office: Puthorvayal, Kalpetta, a small town in Wayanad Cel No:- +91- 96561-02590 Kindly ask Anil to add three more names including the One whom he has interviewed. Please follow the above format

The Management Style at Cadbury Essay -- Business and Management Studi

A description of the management style used at Cadbury There are three main management styles that a business can have these are:  · Democratic  · Consultative  · Autocratic  · Laissez-faire Cadbury’s management style is democratic. This is when all members of staff work together as a team. The managers listen to the other employees ideas and suggestions before they go ahead with decisions. If ideas are found to be achievable and successful by the senior group, then it is taken forward. Then as a team they reach a decision. The approach of this style is that they care and listen to everyone in the teams view and what they think not just their own. This style can be used in both large and small groups. It would work well in a large motivated groups because they can come to a decision a lot quicker, but in a smaller group they can fail with coming up with a decision amongst themselves and will need real guidance and direction. If a decision cannot be made then a vote will take place and the out come will be the one with the most votes. This management style is good for Cadbury because it motivates workers; with having power and decision-making and through this it allows them to be involved in the business. The ways in which Cadbury shows that they are a democratic style is:  · An example is when they come to the idea of developing a new product. The then consult production, then marketing, then finance, have a meeting with everyone concern or who has/wants a say, the product then goes into production and management then makes the final decision.  · They also had to discuss whether it was a good idea to fill the vending machines in the U.S.A with their products. The majority of the employees decided on this that it would be a good idea, so they went ahead, and in the end they beat the other competitors.  · When Cadbury’s World was being developed they would have to decide on the structure of it, what should and shouldn’t be included, the facilities that will be offer and much more important information. All the members of Cadburys would have the opportunities to give their views of the ideas. Within a consultative management, which is similar to the democratic, approach instead of discussions with the group and coming up with the decision together the managers so it themselves. This approach ... ...sation and very low morale. It relies on the power or personality of the owner or directors who all the key decisions this can end up being a problem if these people change. the people that are consider to work well in this culture are like-minded to help with the approach of the running of the organisation. The structure tends to be loose and informal, it tends to be organised by functions Role culture this offers logic, reality and security. It can also get very frustrating when trying to get a job done. It has a formal structure, which is hierarchical. This organisation’s jobs can be done by many people, even though the limits of the jobs are strictly controlled. The job or role can been seen to be more important then the people. Person Culture this organisation exists to serve the people in it. It is aimed to satisfy and motivate them. The style that this organisation works to is that the people are more important than the actual organisation. This style works best in reality because it is a small, informal flat organisation. It is found mostly in professional organisations such as management consultancy where each consultant works on individual projects.

Analysis of ‘Ceremony’ By Leslie Marmon Silko Essay

If Native American community adopts the ethics of white traditions that regards them as less than human being, they begin to look down on themselves. In ‘Ceremony’ Leslie Marmon Silko visibly represents this dual bind sociology called internalized domination. ‘Ceremony’ is one of the most reflective and touching works of Native American literature, a story that is itself a ceremony of curative. Tayo, a World War II experienced person of combined lineage, comes back to the Laguna Pueblo stipulation. He is intensely frightened by his experience as a hostage of the Japanese and later offended by the negative response he came across from his community. Only by throwing himself in the Indian past can he can set in motion to get back the harmony that was taken away from him. Masterfully written, full of sober magnificence of Pueblo saga, ‘Ceremony’ is a use of lasting power. ‘Ceremony’ deals with the gender roles of three women are significant to the development of a character named Tayo who is half-white and half-Indian. These three women are Tayo’s birth mother, Auntie, and Old Grandma. His mother left him when he was four years old and that began his sense of emptiness and abandonment. She could not bear to raise a child that brought the reservation shame by her mistake. Auntie raised Tayo and was the mother figure he lacked. She had no problem accepting to take him, but only to conceal the shame of her younger sister. Auntie was always hesitant toward Tayo as he was not her real son and was also a half-breed. For Tayo, this only added to his feeling of displacement and emptiness. She would give her affection and attention to her real son Rocky, but would let Tayo just sit there alone. After the war Auntie nursed him because he was all she had left after Rocky got killed. He would wake up crying after dreaming about how much Josiah had loved him and always hugged him when he was a little child. Now he realized that there was no place left for him and he would never find peace. Auntie may have been a mother figure to him, but to Tayo she was just someone who looked after him. Old Grandma, unlike Auntie, does accept Tayo and wants what is best for him. When Auntie rejected the idea of a medicine doctor because he’s not full blood, Old Grandma got angry and said that he was her grandson and why should she care what they say anyway. She has been around for many years and doesn’t worry about what other people will say about Tayo or about their family. The significance of Montano to the novel, Ceremony is very powerful and vital to the recovery of Tayo. She lives up in the rim rock and is in touch with the earth and her surroundings in every way. Being torn between the white world and the Indian world is what leaves Tayo feeling invisible and hollow inside. Montano helps him to become more in touch with his Indian side and to feel the strength and power from the earth. She teaches him the importance of certain plants, flowers, and ceremonies and how they are significant to Indian culture and survival. Tayo falls in love with her, and through his love, he begins to feel alive again. He realizes that he does have a place and that he is not invisible to everyone and to his surroundings. When he is not with her, instead of the nightmares, she fills his dreams. He woke up one night and thought about the overpowering love he felt for her. He shed tears filled his eyes and the ache in his throat ran deep into his chest. Tayo no longer feels like a walking shadow, but finally a real person with feelings and emotions. It is through Montano that he discovers himself and ultimately is able to deal with being a half-breed in a changing world. When she finally leaves him, he is able to go on living and remembering all that she taught him. Conclusion: I really enjoyed this story. It was a great portrayal of how family might mistreat you just because you are a little different than them. Sometimes people can’t deal with the fact that a family member is only half of the race that they are. I would definitely recommend this book to others, especially to anyone who feels that they are secluded and have no friends just because they are bi-racial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In ‘Ceremony’, the main character, ‘Tayo’ have to come to terms with himself and his near environment upon his come back from World War II. He is distressed from a sort of post disturbing anxiety disorder which has affected him bodily as well as psychologically due to the fact that he has lived as a prisoner of war in Japan. As a result, he must deal with all of the terrible memories when he comes back to stay with his family on the Laguna Pueblo reservation in New Mexico. To complex his problems, Tayo is half Native American and half Caucasian, so he should also deal with the extra pressures of the double culture. He is torn between the Native American world and the white world, and is unable to feel a secure refuge or belonging. Tayo’s friends and family think that they know the personality of and cure for Tayo’s sickness and depression; though it is only the Native American formal procedures which will really help him. He needs to observe the junction of life and actually realize the cyclical nature of his feelings and measures that he has faced. With the help and good judgment of Old Betonie, Tayo ultimately finds harmony in the Native American ceremonial even surrounded by all of the contradictions currently in America. In Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko exposes the many contradictions present in America today. Be it the government’s policies concerning Native Americans, the American model of courage, or the history which the children study in their classrooms, America is full of sarcasm and paradoxes. These inconsistencies do not in any way cut down the magnificence of America as a country, but to a certain extent serve to remind its people that we do not at all times keep in mind those who helped us turn out to be what we are at present. Silko’s novel is a legendary reminder for Americans to recognize our first true nationalized custom and keep in mind that the Native American tradition is still alive and well today. Silko has demonstrated that America has made blunders in the history, but undoubtedly has the power to put right those mistakes today. References Silko M, Leslie â€Å"Ceremony† Publisher: Penguin (Non-Classics); Rep edition (March 4, 1986). ISBN-13: 978-0140086836

Myself Included

Myself Included Myself Included Myself Included By Maeve Maddox A reader questions my use of the phrase â€Å"myself included† in the following extract from a post on who versus that: Many speakers, myself included, feel that who is usually the first choice when the antecedent is human, but recognize that its use is a stylistic choice and not a matter of rule. Sometimes that may be the better choice. Says the reader: I’m wondering about your use of ‘myself’. I would have assumed it should be ‘me included’. Or have I misunderstood the reflexive pronouns? I’m curious because it’s one of my pet peeves when someone ends an email with ‘if you have any questions, you can refer to myself.’ The reader has not misunderstood the general rules for the reflexive pronouns. 1. A reflexive pronoun is used as a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the verb: â€Å"I cut myself shaving again.† 2. The reflexive pronoun is used as an indirect object when the indirect object is the same as the subject of the verb: â€Å"She bought herself a new car.† 3. The reflexive pronoun is used as the object of a preposition when the object refers to the subject of the clause: â€Å"My son built our deck by himself.† Note: The phrase â€Å"by + reflexive pronoun† shows that someone did something alone and/or without any help. The same meaning is conveyed when the reflexive pronoun alone is placed at the end of a sentence: â€Å"I baked all the cookies myself.† 4. The reflexive pronoun is used to emphasize the person or thing referred to: â€Å"The binding itself is worth  £50.† Note: This use of the reflexive pronoun is especially common when the person referred to is famous or powerful: â€Å"The Queen herself wrote a note of condolence to her butler.† The most common errors made with reflexive pronouns are the sort the reader refers to, the use of a reflexive pronoun when the context calls for a plain personal pronoun: INCORRECT: If you have any questions, you can refer to myself. CORRECT: If you have any questions, you can refer to me. The error here is using a reflexive pronoun as the object of a preposition that does not refer to the subject of the clause (you). Other common errors include the following: INCORRECT: Jack and myself traveled to Greece this summer. CORRECT: Jack and I traveled to Greece this summer. The error is in using the reflexive pronoun as the subject of a verb. INCORRECT: When you give out the presents, don’t forget Margie and myself. CORRECT: When you give out the presents, don’t forget Margie and me. The error here is using reflexive myself as the object of the verb forget. Although the phrases â€Å"myself included† or â€Å"including myself†seem to defy the rules they have enjoyed a long history of use by reputable writers. The Ngram Viewer indicates that â€Å"including myself† is far more common than â€Å"including me† in printed books. A Web search for â€Å"including me† brings 617,000 results; â€Å"including myself† brings 3,890,000 results. An article by linguist James Harbeck lists fourteen examples of exceptions to the rules. Here are three of them: You seem like a better version of myself. (object of preposition) There are two others here besides myself. (object of preposition) Myself, as director here, will cut the ribbon. (subject of sentence) Sometimes â€Å"including me† is the obvious choice, but in other contexts, a writer may prefer â€Å"including myself.† Compare: Everyone received a lavish gift, including me. Many scientists, including myself, found the film outrageous in its inaccuracies. The best advice about the use of reflexive pronouns is to master the rules, but to remain aware that sometimes â€Å"nonstandard† myself may be more idiomatic than me. â€Å"If you have any questions, you can refer to myself† is unquestionably nonstandard, but in contexts in which a speaker or writer is espousing an opinion shared by others, â€Å"myself included† and â€Å"including myself† are established idioms. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 18 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesCaptain vs. Master

Aeneas the Hero essays

Aeneas the Hero essays Despite his accomplishments and the glory associated with his life, Aeneas only achieved some fantastic goal or status of a hero through divine intervention, and this god-given position causes him just as much grief as it does splendor. What is a hero? A Courageous or Valorous man (Websters). We would like to think that a hero is someone who has achieved some fantastic goal or status, or maybe someone who has accomplished a great task. Heroes find themselves in situations of great pressure and act with nobility and grace. Though the main character of Virgils Aeneid, Aeneas is such a person, it is not by his own doings. He encounters situations in which death is near, in which love; hate, peace, and war come together to cause both good and evil. In these positions he conducts himself with honor, by going along with what the gods have in store for him. Only then does he go on to pave the way for the Roman Empire. His deeds, actions, and leadership would never have come to be if it were not for the gods. The gods took special interest in Aeneas, causing him misfortune in some cases, giving his assistance in others. On the whole, the gods constantly provide perfect opportunities for Aeneas to display his her oism. Without them, Aeneas would not be the hero he is. This gift does not come without a price, though; he must endure the things heroes endure to become what they are. Despite his accomplishments and the glory associated with his life, Aeneas only achieves the status of hero through divine intervention, and this god given position causes him just as much grief as it does splendor. Aeneas is the son of Venus. This fact alone brings about much of the hero in him. Venus is a concerned mother, always looking out for her son she does everything she thinks will help to endure his safety and success. At the beginning of his journey form Troy, she prevents his death at sea when Juno persuaded King Aeolus to c...

Organizational Tax Research and Planning - Estate Tax Paper

Organizational Tax and Planning - Estate Tax - Research Paper Example The total value of estate tax is referred to as Gross Estate, while the tax itself is estimated by taking the Fair Market Value of the total taxable estate. If the estate is associated with any Mortgage or fees payable for setting the estate, then the Gross Estate is adjusted to that amount. The Net Value of Estate, which is reduced by the value of exemptions stipulated in the Laws, is the net amount after allowing for all the possible deductions. Case advise In the current case, a wealthy couple owns a farm and a number of businesses that they would like to bestow to their three children. They would like to be advised how to minimize tax against this property, so their children can enjoy the maximum benefit. In order to effectively bequeath the property to their descendants when they die, the couple should exercise proper estate planning, and particularly focus on matters of he estate tax. Looking at the provisions of Estate Tax, it appears that Estate Tax is a must pay tax that is imposed on the transfer of property following the death of the transferor. While it is not possible to avoid this tax, there are a number of ways that the couple can use to evade or legally minimize the impact of this tax. The couple should ensure that they choose the most efficient method of transferring property to their descendants by minimizing estate tax. This includes use of techniques that guarantees minimization of estate tax, which will be discussed later in this paper. Question 2 The current IRS’s provision is that Estate Tax is taxable up to a maximum rate of 35% and exempted up to $120,000. When computing the amount of taxable estate amount, some specific deductions are also available, which are valid up to the end of 2013 only. Beyond this exemption, the value usually reduces to $1,000,000 while the Estate Tax increases to 55%. Some of the significant changes, which have been suggested by the US President, include increasing the tax rate to 45% and introducing an exemption of up to $3,500,000. Certainly, this proposal will not go down very well with the taxpayers and if it is implemented in its current status, it is likely to cause more harm than the benefit it is intended for. The suggestion will impose a heavy burden on the US public, and hence it is important for the congress to device ways of making estate tax provisions friendlier to the taxpayers. In this regards, different congress groups have suggested a number of proposals, which include the following. i. The Extenders group from the farming estate has suggested that the status quo should be upheld in the future, which means the tax collector should continue exempting up to $5,120,000 and imposing tax at the rate of 35%. ii. The conformers support the president’s proposal, which will reduce the amount of exemption to $3,500,000 and increase tax rate to 45%. Therefore, their wish is that this proposal is incorporated in the Estate Tax laws. iii. The Reversers group demands th at the 2001/2002 tax provisions should be reinstated. This provision puts exempted amount at $1,000,000 and the Estate Tax at 55%. Ideally there are five options open to the current estate tax. These include: (i) amendment of the estate tax, (ii) passing of a compromise bill, (iii) extension of TRUIRJCA, (iv) maintaining of the status quo, and (v) implementing of the new suggestion in its current st

Professionalization of modern sport For Profit or Glory Coursework

Professionalization of modern sport For Profit or Glory - Coursework Example This has led to more time for the people to attend and followed spectator sports. With the advent of mass media in the contemporary world, these trends continued progressing at a faster rate leading to professionalism in sports. Today, professionalism in sports has become prevalent. This has further increased the popularity of sports as the fans of the sports begin following the exploits of professionals athletes. This happens through mass media, all while enjoying the exercise and the competition that is mostly associated with the amateurs participating in sports. The development of today’s football is closely related to the industrialization process. Most of the Britain’s new working class inhabitants of the industrial towns and cities are seeking fresh forms of enjoying leisure collectively. In addition, the increase in the levels of adult literacy has also spurred the mass media to cover sports that are organized such as football. The popularity of football has played a huge role in eroding the public interest in other sports like cricket (Szymanski 1998). The issue of professionalism in football reached a crisis in England in the year 1884 when football association (FA) expelled two clubs for using players who were professionals. However, players receiving wages had become a common thing by then that the FA had no powered but to sanction the practice a year later. With the growing influence of the players who were working, the upper classes were forced to seek refuge in other sports. With modernization, professionalism in football was inevitable. This led to the establishment of a football league that led to the competition among several teams. During this time, several clubs in England were owned and controlled by businessmen but the shareholders were receiving low dividends if any. Their main reward was only enhanced by the status of the public through running of the local clubs